Vonoprazan (VPZ), a new potassium-competitive acid blocker, has been approved and used for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Japan. To date, many studies, as well as several systematic reviews and meta-analyses (MAs), have compared VPZ-based 7-day triple therapy with proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-based therapy. An MA of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing first-line VPZ- with PPI-based triple therapy, the latter featuring amoxicillin (AMPC) and clarithro- mycin (CAM), found that approximately 30% of patients hosted CAM-resistant H. pylori ; however, the reliability was poor because of high heterogeneity and a risk of selection bias. VPZ-based triple therapy is superior to PPI-based triple therapy for patients with CAM-resistant H. pylori , but not for those with CAM-susceptible H. pylori . An MA of non-RCTs found that second-line VPZ- based triple therapies were slightly (~2.6%) better than PPI-based triple therapies (with AMPC and metronidazole). However, the reliability of that MA was also low because of selection bias, confounding variables and a risk of publication bias; in addition, it is difficult to generalize the results because of a lack of data on antibiotic resistance. VPZ-based triple therapy (involving AMPC and sitafloxacin) was more effective than PPI-based triple therapy in a third-line setting, but a confirmatory RCT is needed. Non-RCT studies indicated that VPZ-based triple therapy involving CAM and metronidazole may be promising. Any further RCTs must explore the antibi- otic-resistance status when evaluating the possible superiority of a potassium-competitive acid blocker.
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