TRANSITION-METAL-MEDIATED AND TRANSITION-METAL-CATALYZED CARBON-FLUORINE BOND FORMATION

摘要

The importance of fluorinated molecules in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, as well as in new materials, has led to an increase in research efforts on fluorination chemistry.1-3 The advancement of positron emission tomography (PET) as a viable clinical diagnostic method provides an additional impetus for the development of fluorination reactions and thus sets a higher standard for operational convenience and late-stage modification of complex molecules.4-7 Progress has been made in the development of inexpensive and efficient fluorination reagents with limited environmental impact for use in larger-scale applications, as well as in the targeted late-stage modification of complex molecules, where functional-group tolerance, mild reaction conditions, and the scope outweigh the price of reagents and amount of waste generated as primary considerations behind reaction development. Fluorination reactions are an area of chemistry in which comparatively little inspiration can be drawn from nature. For instance, while haloperoxidase enzymes are known to introduce other halides, none have been identified for the introduction of the fluoride anion, which is highly electronegative and difficult to oxidize. Hence, only a handful of fluorinated molecules that are made through biosynthesis are known.