distribution

摘要： Liver transplant allocation policies in the United States has evolved over 3 decades.The donor liver organs are matched,allocated and procured by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network which is administered by the United Network of Organ Sharing(UNOS),a not-for-profit organization governed by the United States human health services.We reviewed the evolution of liver transplant allocation policies.Prior to 2002,UNOS used Child-Turcotte-Pugh score to list and stratify patients for liver transplantation(LT).After 2002,UNOS changed its allocation policy based on model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score.The serum sodium is the independent indicator of mortality risk in patients with chronic liver disease.The priority assignment of MELD-sodium score resulted in LT and prevented mortality on waitlist.MELD-Sodium score was implemented for liver allocation policy in 2016.Prior to the current and most recent policy,livers from adult donors were matched first to the status 1A/1B patients located within the boundaries of the UNOS regions and donor-service areas(DSA).We reviewed the disadvantages of the DSA-based allocation policies and the advantages of the newest acuity circle allocation model.We then reviewed the standard and non-standard indications for MELD exceptions and the decision-making process of the National Review Liver Review Board.Finally,we reviewed the liver transplant waitlist,donation and survival outcomes in the United States.

摘要： Pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nema-todes is a deadly disease of the genus Pinus requiring strong quarantine measures.Since its discovery,it has been widely distributed throughout the world.China is one of the coun-tries with a severe rate of infections due to its abundant pine resources.In this study,nematode-trapping fungi were collected from pine trees in Ninghai City,Zhejiang Prov-ince,which is the key area of pine wilt control in Febru-ary,May,September,October and November.The results showed that nematode-trapping fungi of pine are abundant,especially the number and species detected in each month and are quite different;species of fungi in July,Septem-ber and November were more numerous and had higher separation rates.The dominant species in November was Arthrobotrys oligospora followed by Arthrobotrys cladodes;July and September it was A.cladodes.In each part of the tree,A.cladodes was the most widely distributed with a high separation rate.Therefore,it is the dominant fungal species in the area.Arboreal Bursaphelenchus xylophilus-trapping fungi are dependent on pine wood nematodes,and none were isolated from healthy pine trees.More arboreal B.xylophilus-trapping fungi were found under the bark than in the xylem.There is a close relationship between arboreal B.xylophilus-trapping fungi and pine wood nematodes.How to make use of these resources to reduce the damage of pine wood nematode fusarium is the focus of future research.

摘要： The article“Stability Mechanism of Laser-induced Fluorinated Super-hydrophobic Coating in Alkaline Solution”,written by Haoyang Li,Yanling Tian,Zhen Yang,was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 26 November 2021 without open access.With the author(s)’decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed on 29 of December 2021 to The Author(s)2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,which permits use,sharing,adaptation,distribution and reproduction in any medium or format,as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s)and the source,provide a link to the Creative Commons licence,and indicate if changes were made.The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence,unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.

摘要： Population management of herbivores is widely applied to decrease damage to forests in the northern hemisphere. Culling more antlerless deer, including females and fawns, is an effective means of reducing the population and helps to improve management efficiency. To increase the efficiency of antlerless-biased culling, we assessed the spatiotemporal distribution of the antlerless ratio in culled sika deer (Cervus nippon) in relation to population density. We hypothesized that the antlerless ratio is higher at the center of the distribution than at the margins of the deer’s range, because dispersal processes differ according to sex and age: Young male deer first disperse into an unoccupied area, and then males may become established in the new area for approximately 10–15 years before the number of females increases. A statistical model revealed spatiotemporal changes in the antlerless ratio of culled sika deer. The change in the ratio basically fit the density distribution of the deer, which was estimated independently on the basis of fecal pellet count surveys. The antlerless ratio estimated from the model increased asymptotically as deer density rose. The results support our hypothesis and suggest that antlerless sika deer will be more easily culled at the center rather than at the margins of the distribution range. These findings should help to increase the efficiency of managing the deer via antlerless-biased culling.

摘要： Dipterocarps tree species are the key species in most tropical forests because of their economic and ecological value in nature. The present study was carried out to determine the population structure and spatial pattern distribution of critically endangered dipterocarps trees in Mt. Malindang. A total of 638 individuals belonging to 86 species among the 62 genera were recorded at all sites. The highest diversity index was recorded in the elevation range of 700 - 900 masl (3.53). Dipterocarpaceae family had the highest importance value (157.66) among the families recorded in this study. Seven dipterocarp tree species were recorded in this study. Shorea negrosensis Foxw, Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr., and Shorea contorta S.Vidal, Shorea squamata (Turcz.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex DC. are listed as critically endangered and Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco as Vulnerable. Soil moisture has a great influence on Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume, whereas light is positively correlated with Shorea polysperma and negatively correlated with elevation. Diameter-class distribution of critically endangered dipterocarps tree species showed an interrupted growth pattern and because a fewer number of seedlings or saplings were found in each species, this suggested that regeneration is not good. However, threats and disturbances such as illegal poaching, slash and burn, roads, and land conversion to agricultural crops and settlements contribute to the declining population of critically endangered dipterocarps species. Thus, conservation, protection and prioritization management activities in Mt. Malindang are needed.

摘要： Black ant, Carebara vidua (Smith) is an edible insect of critical value in nutrition. The population abundance of black ants has reduced drastically and they have become scarce in all the agro ecological zones in Western Kenya. Understanding factors influencing the distribution and abundance of C. vidua remains a challenge as C. vidua is an endangered species in many parts of Country Kenya. The decline in the insect population is worrying since black ants are an important source of food across the world. Our study aimed at determining the eco-climatic conditions influencing the distribution of black ants. Several factors and conditions have contributed to the decline in the population of black ants. The study was carried out in different agro ecological zones of Kisumu, Siaya, and Homabay Counties. The research presumed a cross-sectional approach to community representation. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the population for the qualitative study. Data was collected through Focused Group Discussion and Key Informant Interviews to get in-depth knowledge on the factors contributing to the change in the distribution of back ants. Verbatim transcription was done to the audio recorded data then data was translated into English. Thematic analysis was done using ATLAS.ti software version 7.5. The results showed various factors that led to the change in distribution and reduction of the population of black ants emerging across the lower midland zones, the factors include;climate change, advancement in agricultural equipment, land degradation, and habitat destruction. These factors made the emergence of the insect unpredictable. Over the years across the Lower midland zones, there have been changes in the distribution of C. vidua and the population of insects emerging has reduced hence the insect is disappearing.

摘要： DEAR EDITOR,Morphological and molecular data were used to study 35 species of the Pholcus phungiformes species group from the Yanshan-Taihang Mountains in China.The uneven distribution pattern of spiders in Eurasia is discussed,with a focus on Europe and China.Europe covers approximately 10.18 million km2 in western Eurasia,while China covers about 9.6 million km2 in the east.Due to their relative positions to each other and similar land areas,spider species richness in Europe and China is comparable(Li,2020).

摘要： In this study,the world’s land(except Antarctica)is divided into 67 basic geographical units according to ecological types.Using our newly proposed MSCA(Multivariate Similarity Clustering Analysis)method,7,591 species of modern terrestrial mammals belonging to 1,374 genera in 162 families and 2,378 species of mammals in the Wallace era before 1876 are quantitatively analyzed,and almost the same clustering results are obtained,with clear levels and reasonable clustering,which conform to the principles of geography,statistics,ecology and biology.It not only affirms and supports the reasonable kernel of Wallace’s scheme,but also puts forward suggestions that should be revised and improved.The large or small differences between the clustering results and the mammalian geographical zoning schemes of contemporary scholars are caused by different analysis methods,and they are highly consistent with the analysis results of chordates,angiosperms and insects in the world analyzed by the same method.Once again,it confirms the homogeneity of the global biological distribution pattern of major groups,and the possibility of building a unified biogeographic zoning system in the world.

摘要： The coastal ecosystems are highly sensitive to climate change and are usually influenced by variations in phytoplankton communities and water physiochemical factors.In the present study,the phytoplankton community,chlorophyll a(Chl a)and their relationships with environmental variables and dimethylsulfide(DMS)and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP)were investigated in spring 2017(March 24 to April 16)in the East China Sea(26.0°-33.0°N,120.0°-128.0°E)and southern Yellow Sea(31.0°-36.0°N,120.0°-125.0°E).The spatial distributions of phytoplankton species composition and cell density were investigated by qualitative and quantitative methods and were compared with historical data to study phytoplankton species succession in the survey area.The results showed that there were 275 phytoplankton species belonging to 90 genera and 6 phyla in the survey area,of which 208 species belonged to 62 genera of Bacillariophyta and 56 species belonged to 20 genera of Pyrrophyta.The dominant phytoplankton species were Skeletonema dohrnii,Chaetoceros vanheurckii and Prorocentrum donghaiense.The phytoplankton cell densities ranged from 0.06×10^(4)cells/L to 418.73×10^(4)cells/L,with an average value of 21.46×10^(4)cells/L.In spring,the average ratio of Bacillariophyta/Pyrrophyta was41.13 for the entire study area.The areas with high phytoplankton cell density were mainly distributed in the northern South Yellow Sea and offshore waters of the East China Sea.According to a canonical correspondence analysis among phytoplankton and environmental parameters,the water Chl a concentrations were notably consistent with phytoplankton cell density(P<0.001),and both showed significant negative correlations with salinity and nitrite(P<0.05)and significant positive correlations with dissolved oxygen and pH(P<0.001).There was a significant positive correlation between diatom(both in cell density and in dominant species)and DMS(P<0.05),which indicated that diatoms play a greater role in DMS production in this investigated area.

摘要： On January 12,2011,a very young juvenile Bryde's-like baleen whale was found stranded alive on the east coast of Hainan Island,in the South China Sea.Unfortunately,it died the next morning.This baleen whale showed some unique external morphology and skull features of the Omura's whale(Balaenoptera omurai).Subsequently,it was genetically identified as an Omura's whale using two different mitochondrial DNA markers.This study documents the first confirmed live stranding of a juvenile Omura's whale on Hainan Island,China.Our findings expand the known distribution range of this species in Chinese waters and may indicate that waters around Hainan Island in the South China Sea could be a potential breeding ground for the Omura's whale.

摘要： In administrative punishment procedure, administration takes the main legal burden of proof. Thisburden of proof is relatively constant without change, however, for the proof that the administration has subjective fault, special provision in the law, the case result will be beneficial to the counterpart, the counterpartshould take the legal burden of proof. The counterpart considering his or her own interest, should take truthburden of proof, which can be transferred between the counterparts. For the evidence which should be rebutted positively, while not be rebutted actually, shall not be presented in the administrative procedure.

摘要： In administrative punishment procedure, administration takes the main legal burden of proof. Thisburden of proof is relatively constant without change, however, for the proof that the administration has subjective fault, special provision in the law, the case result will be beneficial to the counterpart, the counterpartshould take the legal burden of proof. The counterpart considering his or her own interest, should take truthburden of proof, which can be transferred between the counterparts. For the evidence which should be rebutted positively, while not be rebutted actually, shall not be presented in the administrative procedure.

摘要： In administrative punishment procedure, administration takes the main legal burden of proof. Thisburden of proof is relatively constant without change, however, for the proof that the administration has subjective fault, special provision in the law, the case result will be beneficial to the counterpart, the counterpartshould take the legal burden of proof. The counterpart considering his or her own interest, should take truthburden of proof, which can be transferred between the counterparts. For the evidence which should be rebutted positively, while not be rebutted actually, shall not be presented in the administrative procedure.