Health

摘要： This paper examines how poverty determines people’s marital status and their participation in the desired leading values of the metropolitan city of Douala.We used the quota sampling method in which the number of respondents selected from each division was determined by its population size,and then we divided the various divisions into clusters(neighbourhoods).We employed a systematic sampling method in the clusters in which we started with an nth subject and then selected every twentieth unit after the first.We sampled everyone:the married,divorcees,single and cohabiting people in order to understand how poverty determines their different marital statuses.We discovered that the more prestigious jobs people do,the more they earn and the higher the probability that they are married and either rent or own more expensive homes.Equally,the more people become jobless and have precarious jobs,the higher the rate of divorce,single,separated and cohabitating persons and the higher the probability that they are either dependent or homeless.However,marriage constrains people’s participation in the main values of their society,that is why married people diversify less their meals and leisure activities as compared to separated and engaged persons.

摘要： After the first detection of the gram-negative bacterium,Xylella fastidiosa multiplex in Portugal,in January 2019,a“Demarcated Area”was delimited and an“Action Plan”to control the pathogen has been developed.It is considered one of the greatest threats to plant health worldwide and leads to loss of forests vitality and productivity.The current study was developed till June 2020,with the objective to understand the dimension of the issue worldwide and in Portugal,analyzing the state-of-the-art on the biology,dispersion,symptoms,control and risks associated with this bacterium(Research Phase).In the Prospecting Phase,we collected 5 branches with 5-8 leaves,from the four quadrants of the tree,wrapping and labeling them-so 2,261 samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for analysis.It was possible to determine that the two initial outbreaks were not an isolated case,as 107 additional outbreaks were detected in other places,revealing a much more worrying panorama,requiring further analysis on the real impact of this bacterial strain on the natural environment.By the end of this study the demarcated area covered about 62,000 ha.The most affected species was lavender with 30%of positive outbreaks,followed by gorse with 22%,and rosemary with 11%.Spread of Phillaenus spumarius and X.fastidiosa indicates that insect vector and transport links appear to be dispersal facilitators together with Douro River.As eradication is unfeasible to achieve in the coming years,containment will be the most appropriate strategy.

摘要： Dose Estimation for Exposure to Radioactive Fallout from Nuclear Detonations Steven L.Simon1,AndréBouville2,Harold L.Beck3,Lynn R.Anspaugh4,Kathleen M.Thiessen5,F.Owen Hoffman5,Sergey Shinkarev6(1.National Cancer Institute,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD;2.National Cancer Institute,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD(retired);3.US Department of Energy(retired),New York,NY;4.Department of Radiology,University of Utah(Emeritus),Henderson,NV;5.Oak Ridge Center for Risk Analysis,Inc.,Oak Ridge,TN.

摘要： The poor state of the environment,especially in urban areas,has become a major global issue,with developing countries such as Nigeria voicing growing concern.There is a scarcity of knowledge on the environmental impact of PFSs as a result of the loss of life and property,as well as other serious socio-economic implications of non-compliance with PFSs siting criteria.The historical literature on the impact of residential buildings,the environment,and human health on PFSs in Nigeria,as well as the study’s gap,is examined in this research.It also outlines DPR compliance with PFSs location as well as established criteria for prohibiting PFS siting in Nigeria’s states.Relevant publications on PFSs-related topics were downloaded from Google Scholar.The goal of this study is to look back on a previous essay about PFSs in Nigeria and its impacts on the environment and human health.This study’s main purpose is to give a complete overview of Nigerian PFSs.According to the article analyzed,the majority of PFSs were located close to residents,with setbacks from the road and residential areas of less than 30 m in 90%of the filling stations.As a result,the landowners can band together to argue that a facility that is improperly sited cannot be built.A great deal of public participation is required.A campaign should be launched to raise awareness among filling station owners and other developers of the dangers of non-compliance with established norms.All violators of the established norms,as well as corrupt officials of enforcement agencies/bodies,should face open punishment so that others might learn their lessons.Finally,appropriate planning is required to allow future road expansion.

摘要： Using alternative plant-derived dietary protein to replace fishmeal,combined with practical evaluation indexes,is a recent focus for aquaculture practices.An 8-week feeding experiment with giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae was conducted to determine the eff ects of replacing fi shmeal(FM)with soybean meal in the feed,in terms of growth performance,antioxidant capacity,intestinal microbiota,and mRNA expression of target of rapamycin(TOR)and ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1(S6K1).Four isonitrogenous diets with isocaloric value were prepared to contain 100%,75%,50%,or 25%FM as the protein source(dietary treatments FM100,FM75,FM50,and FM25,respectively).Each diet was fed to post-larval prawns(mean weight 0.045±0.002 g)twice a day in four replicates.No signifi cant diff erence in weight gain was observed among all groups,but the survival rate of prawns fed the FM50 and FM25 diets was signifi cantly lower than that of prawns fed the FM diet.The mRNA expression of both TOR and S6K1 were the lowest in hepatopancreas of prawns fed the FM25 diet.Superoxide dismutase activity of prawns fed the FM25 diet was significantly lower than that of prawns fed FM50.In contrast,the malondialdehyde content was signifi cantly higher in prawns fed FM25 as compared with those fed FM75.The proportion of fishmeal in the diet did not affect the composition of core(phylum-level)intestinal microbiota,but greater fishmeal replacement with soybean meal had a potential risk to increase the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens in the gut when considered at the genus level.These results suggest that fishmeal replacement with soybean meal should not exceed 50%in a diet for post-larval M.rosenbergii.

摘要： Tagelus adansonii has served as man’s food around the world from time immemorial.However,the aquatic ecosystem in which they live is constantly polluted.Microbial and proximate compositions and energy value of T.adansonii were evaluated as indices for food safety and biomarker of pollution.Standard microbiological techniques and standard methods of AOAC were employed.Results showed that Bacillus substilis,Micrococcus species,Proteus species,Klebsiella species,Staphylococcus aureus,Vibrio cholerea,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Enterobacter sp,Escherichia coli,Bacillus cereus,and Chromatium species were the probable bacteria while Rhizopus stolonifer,Aspergillus niger,Penicillium species.Candida tropicalis,Fusarium species and Aspergillus flavus were the probable fungi isolated from the sample.Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Count(THBC),TVC,TCC,TSC and TFC in fresh sample were 2.01±0.14×10^(5),2.77±0.27×10,2.79±0.81×10,6.08±0.21×10^(2),and 2.08±0.21×10^(4) cfu g^(-1) respectively and concentrated mostly in the gut.The mean crude protein,moisture,carbohydrate,ash,lipid and crude fibre contents of the soft tissues were 60.92±2.38,40.75±1.85,26.58±2.91,5.99±0.43,5.56±0.51 and 4.13±0.10%respectively,while the energy or caloric value was 397.65±11.97.Proper monitoring and surveillance should be adopted by Government to check pollution of the aquatic environments and proper processing should be adopted before consumption for good public health.

摘要： Background: Socioeconomic factors influence health outcomes and the distribution of health resources within and between countries globally. In Nigeria, there are various socio-economic factors that have been reported to be responsible for health inequities across the different geopolitical zones. Objective: To assess health inequities in relation to socio-economic factors that affect access to essential health care services in Nigeria, using family planning, maternal care, and childcare as indicators. Method: The study involved a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) and a literature review of transdisciplinary approaches to addressing health inequities. Result: The overall result from the findings suggests a strong influence of geographical and socioeconomic factors in the distribution of healthcare services. Specifically, family planning services were more readily available and accessible in the Southern zones of Nigeria than in the Northern zone of Nigeria, which could be attributed to socio-cultural, religious, and access-related barriers. Results also showed that access to most maternal and child health care services was often skewed towards the southern zones, which could be due to the presence of more healthcare workers who provide these services coupled with higher access to maternal care, hence a higher uptake and utilization of maternal care services. Also, children in the northern zones had lesser odds of receiving basic and age-appropriate vaccination than those in other regions, which could be attributed to the supply-side disparities that exist between the northern and southern regions. Conclusion: This study concludes that level of educational attainment, wealth quintiles, as well as financial barriers, are the major socio-economic factors that influence access to maternal and childcare services.

摘要： Introduction: Multiple gestations or multiple pregnancies occur when two or more fetuses are conceived at the same time in the same woman. Therefore, a twin pregnancy is defined as the simultaneous development of two fetuses in the same woman. It can either be a monozygotic or dizygotic pregnancy. Twin pregnancy is considered a high-risk pregnancy with variable incidence and outcomes worldwide. The adverse maternal and fetal outcomes of twin deliveries have not yet been investigated in our setting. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of twin deliveries at the Bamenda Health District. Methods: This was a hospital-based, cross-sectional analytic study done at the Bamenda Health District in three selected hospitals (Bamenda Regional Hospital, CMA Nkwen, and IHC Azire) from the 1st of January to the 10th of May 2018. 55 women with twin pregnancies and 55 women with singleton pregnancies at gestational ages of 28 completed weeks and above who came for delivery and who consented to the study were included. A face-to-face interview-administered questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic characteristics;a venous blood sample was collected from the mothers before and after delivery to determine the estimated blood loss based on haemoglobin level. The partogram was opened from 4 cm cervical dilatation for those who came in the first stage of labour and the mode of delivery was recorded. After delivery, outcome variables were 1st, 5th, and 10th min Apgar score, birth weight, and gestational age. Data were entered in CSPro 7.1 and exported to IBM SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. All variables with p th min) that was 15 times higher in twin than singleton births (OR: 15.3, 95% CI: 2 - 116.6, p 0.05). Conclusion: Twin deliveries were associated with adverse fetal outcomes (prematurity, birth asphyxia, and low birth weight) in the three health facilities where we carried out the study. Cesarean section was higher among women with twin gestations compared to women with singleton gestations.

摘要： In order to evaluate the electromagnetic environment of 5G base station, measurement and evaluation of the electromagnetic environment are studied. The 12 measuring points are chosen on the roof, inside and outside of the building, which has a 5G base station on the top. The electric field intensity, magnetic field intensity, and power density have been measured. The measurement methods include background measurement and work measurement. Background measurement is the measurement of environmental electromagnetic field (EMF) before the installation of 5G base station while the working measurement is the measurement after the installation of 5G base station. The evaluation methods include t-test for qualitative evaluation and electromagnetic gain for quantitative evaluation. The results show that the electromagnetic environment after the installation of 5G base station in most places is different from that in the background. And the environmental electromagnetic fields in certain parts are lower than those in the background. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The electromagnetic environment of 5G base station is far lower than the control limit of the national standard and conforms to the national standard;2) The electromagnetic environment of 5G base station has little impact on the electromagnetic environment;3) It is not sufficient to assume that 5G is harmful to health without the results of the epidemiological investigation;4) Before the construction of 5G base station, do background EMF detection, which can provide support for future evaluation.

摘要： Purpose This study aimed to describe the national prevalence of Chinese children and adolescents who met the World Health Organization muscle-strengthening exercise(MSE)recommendations and identify correlates of meeting the MSE recommendations.Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study,a nationally representative sample of Chinese children and adolescents(n=80,413;mean age=13.7 years;53.9%girls)and their parents,were analyzed.Children and adolescents who reported engaging≥3 days(up to 7 days)of MSE per week were classified as meeting the MSE recommendations.MSE,demographics,lifestyle behaviors(sport participation,moderate-to-vigorous physical activity,screen time,and sleep duration),exercise intention,peer and parental support,and parental MSE participation were assessed through self-reports.Logistic regression models were used to determine the correlates of meeting the MSE recommendations.The analyses were completed in 2020.Results Overall,39.3%of children and adolescents met the MSE recommendations.Girls,10th-12th graders,minorities,those from lower income households and those from families with lower parental education were less likely to meet the MSE recommendations.Children and adolescents who were proficient in≥2 sports were more likely to meet the MSE recommendations(adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=1.44,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.26-1.65),as were those with more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(aOR=1.57,95%CI:1.53-1.61).Additionally,children and adolescents with high exercise intention(aOR=1.60,95%CI:1.51-1.69),those whose parents met the adult MSE recommendations(aOR=1.46,95%CI:1.40-1.52),and those who received high peer(aOR=1.27,95%CI:1.20-1.34)and parental support(aOR=1.07,95%CI:1.04-1.12)were more likely to meet the MSE recommendations.Conclusion Less than two-fifths of Chinese children and adolescents met the World Health Organization MSE recommendations.The correlates identified in our study can help inform the development of school and community based strategies and policies to enhance participation in MSE and improve muscular fitness of all Chinese children and adolescents.

摘要： Middle and senior high school's student is the persons who could be molded in the construction ofmodernization；they are taking on historical burden of national great revival. Having strong body is the basicrequire for each builder and successor in the future. Talent of social construction in the future should havehigh qualities of thought &moral, scientism &culture, psychology and healthy body. While quality of healthybody is the basic condition of several qualities ahead. Students' physical health involves the future of ourcountry and vicissitude of our nation. This text introduces the situation of students' physical healthy in Hebeiprovince in detail, list and analyze its reasons, and also put forward countermeasures.

摘要： From the humanist perspective, examine the scientific, applicable and times features of the physical education concept of "for every student's health". Advocacy of "for every student's health" is inevitable inthe historical development of physical education philosophy, is the cornerstone of sports in ancient Greece toeducate and train people to be "brave", is the purport of social progress and human development, is an important fulcrum to hold up China's future physical education.

摘要： Cellular phones are no doubt the most popular personal communication devices today. One of thefactors contributing to its popularity is that consumers have always been educated that the cellular phone is safe touse, in terms of radiation safety. This statement is primary based on the maximum safety level of SpecificAbsorption Rate (SAR) set by governmental regulating agencies in many countries. In this paper, the radiationsafety of cellular phones today is discussed through different measures. In 1998, the International Commission ofNon-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published EMF guidelines on radiation up to 300Ghz. Towards thatend, we have sampled two dozen Cellular phones that are currently available in the consumer market. A set of EMFmeasures in INCIRP guidelines is used to test for three types of radiation：electrical field, magnetic field, andmicrowave energy radiation. Experiment results identify some models of phones produce a large amount ofradiation when doing certain actions, be it turning on, off, making a call, or receiving one. The results also showedthat a surprising amount of phones can cause biological effects and quite a few of them even way passed safety rate.

摘要： Cellular phones are no doubt the most popular personal communication devices today. One of thefactors contributing to its popularity is that consumers have always been educated that the cellular phone is safe touse, in terms of radiation safety. This statement is primary based on the maximum safety level of SpecificAbsorption Rate (SAR) set by governmental regulating agencies in many countries. In this paper, the radiationsafety of cellular phones today is discussed through different measures. In 1998, the International Commission ofNon-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published EMF guidelines on radiation up to 300Ghz. Towards thatend, we have sampled two dozen Cellular phones that are currently available in the consumer market. A set of EMFmeasures in INCIRP guidelines is used to test for three types of radiation：electrical field, magnetic field, andmicrowave energy radiation. Experiment results identify some models of phones produce a large amount ofradiation when doing certain actions, be it turning on, off, making a call, or receiving one. The results also showedthat a surprising amount of phones can cause biological effects and quite a few of them even way passed safety rate.

摘要： Cellular phones are no doubt the most popular personal communication devices today. One of thefactors contributing to its popularity is that consumers have always been educated that the cellular phone is safe touse, in terms of radiation safety. This statement is primary based on the maximum safety level of SpecificAbsorption Rate (SAR) set by governmental regulating agencies in many countries. In this paper, the radiationsafety of cellular phones today is discussed through different measures. In 1998, the International Commission ofNon-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published EMF guidelines on radiation up to 300Ghz. Towards thatend, we have sampled two dozen Cellular phones that are currently available in the consumer market. A set of EMFmeasures in INCIRP guidelines is used to test for three types of radiation：electrical field, magnetic field, andmicrowave energy radiation. Experiment results identify some models of phones produce a large amount ofradiation when doing certain actions, be it turning on, off, making a call, or receiving one. The results also showedthat a surprising amount of phones can cause biological effects and quite a few of them even way passed safety rate.

摘要： Cellular phones are no doubt the most popular personal communication devices today. One of thefactors contributing to its popularity is that consumers have always been educated that the cellular phone is safe touse, in terms of radiation safety. This statement is primary based on the maximum safety level of SpecificAbsorption Rate (SAR) set by governmental regulating agencies in many countries. In this paper, the radiationsafety of cellular phones today is discussed through different measures. In 1998, the International Commission ofNon-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published EMF guidelines on radiation up to 300Ghz. Towards thatend, we have sampled two dozen Cellular phones that are currently available in the consumer market. A set of EMFmeasures in INCIRP guidelines is used to test for three types of radiation：electrical field, magnetic field, andmicrowave energy radiation. Experiment results identify some models of phones produce a large amount ofradiation when doing certain actions, be it turning on, off, making a call, or receiving one. The results also showedthat a surprising amount of phones can cause biological effects and quite a few of them even way passed safety rate.